week 5

WEEK 5
T0PIC 4: Psychological Foundations of Curriculum.
Describe briefly the three major theories of learning

•1.Behaviorist or association that deals with various aspects of stimulus-response and reinforces.

•2.Cognitive-information processing theories, which view the learner in relationship to the total environment (information) and consider the way the learner applies information.

•3.Phenomenological and humanistic which consider the whole child including his or her social, psychological, and cognitive development.

 
 Behavioral Psychology

•Edward Thorndike is considered the founder. He focused his work on testing the relationship between a stimulus and a response (classical conditioning).

•Defined learning as habit formation – as connecting more and more habits into a complex structure. Knowledge resulted from the accumulation of these stimulus-response associations within this complex structure.

•Defined teaching as arranging the classroom to enhance desirable connections and associations as bonds

 Name and describe Jean Piaget’s stages of Cognitive Development

1.Sensory motor stage (birth to age two).

2.Preoperational stage.

3.Concrete operations stage

4.Formal operations stage.

5.Piaget’s cognitive stages presuppose a maturation process in the sense that development is a continuation and is based on previous growth.

6.Assimilation is the incorporation of new experiences into existing experiences

7.Accommodation stage is where the child’s existing cognitive structures are modified and adapted in response to his or her environment.

8.Equilibration is the process of achieving balance between those things that were previously understood and those yet to be understood

 

Name and describe Taylor’s three methods of organizing learning experiences




   
The leaders of critical thinkers are Robert Ennis, Matthew Lip Man, and Robert Sternberg.  
 

The 13 attributes of critical thinkers are:

–Open minded

–Take a position when the evidence calls for it

–Take into account the entire situation

–Seek information

–Seek precision situation

–Deal in an orderly manner of a complex whole

–Look for options

–Search for reasons

–Seek a clear statement of the issue

–Keep the original problem in the mind

–Use credible sources

–Remains relevant to the point

–Exhibit sensitivity to the feelings and knowledge level of others

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